20,057 research outputs found
Accreting Black Holes
This chapter provides a general overview of the theory and observations of
black holes in the Universe and on their interpretation. We briefly review the
black hole classes, accretion disk models, spectral state classification, the
AGN classification, and the leading techniques for measuring black hole spins.
We also introduce quasi-periodic oscillations, the shadow of black holes, and
the observations and the theoretical models of jets.Comment: 41 pages, 18 figures. To appear in "Tutorial Guide to X-ray and
Gamma-ray Astronomy: Data Reduction and Analysis" (Ed. C. Bambi, Springer
Singapore, 2020). v3: fixed some typos and updated some parts. arXiv admin
note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1711.1025
The Blandford-Znajek mechanism and emission from isolated accreting black holes
In the presence of a magnetic field, rotational energy can be extracted from
black holes via the Blandford-Znajek mechanism. We use self-similar advection
dominated accretion (ADAF) models to estimate the efficiency of this mechanism
for black holes accreting from geometrically thick disks, in the light of
recent magnetohydrodynamic disk simulations, and show that the power from
electromagnetic energy extraction exceeds the accretion luminosity for ADAFs at
sufficiently low accretion rates. We consider the detectability of isolated
stellar mass black holes accreting from the ISM, and show that for any rapidly
rotating holes the efficiency of energy extraction could reach 0.01. The
estimated total luminosity would be consistent with the tentative
identification of some EGRET sources as accreting isolated black holes, if that
energy is radiated primarily as gamma rays. We discuss the importance of
emission from the Blandford-Znajek mechanism for the spectra of other advection
dominated accretion flows, especially those in low luminosity galactic nuclei.Comment: ApJL, in pres
Powerful jets from accreting black holes: evidence from the optical and infrared
A common consequence of accretion onto black holes is the formation of
powerful, relativistic jets that escape the system. In the case of supermassive
black holes at the centres of galaxies this has been known for decades, but for
stellar-mass black holes residing within galaxies like our own, it has taken
recent advances to arrive at this conclusion. Here, a review is given of the
evidence that supports the existence of jets from accreting stellar-mass black
holes, from observations made at optical and infrared wavelengths. In
particular it is found that on occasion, jets can dominate the emission of
these systems at these wavelengths. In addition, the interactions between the
jets and the surrounding matter produce optical and infrared emission on large
scales via thermal and non-thermal processes. The evidence, implications and
applications in the context of jet physics are discussed. It is shown that many
properties of the jets can be constrained from these studies, including the
total kinetic power they contain. The main conclusion is that like the
supermassive black holes, the jet kinetic power of accreting stellar-mass black
holes is sometimes comparable to their bolometric radiative luminosity. Future
studies can test ubiquities in jet properties between objects, and attempt to
unify the properties of jets from all observable accreting black holes, i.e. of
all masses.Comment: 26 pages, 4 figures, 1 table. Invited chapter for the edited book
"Black Holes and Galaxy Formation", Nova Science Publishers, Inc., at pres
Using radio emission to detect isolated and quiescent accreting black holes
We discuss the implications of new relations between black holes' masses,
X-ray luminosities and radio luminosities, as well as the properties of the
next generation of radio telescopes, for the goal of finding isolated accreting
black holes. Because accreting black holes have radio-to-X-ray flux ratios that
increase with decreasing luminosity in Eddington units, and because deep
surveys over large fields of view should be possible with planned
instrumentation such as LOFAR, radio surveys should be significantly more
efficient than X-ray surveys for finding these objects.Comment: 5 pages, 1 table, accepted to MNRAS Letter
Advection-Dominated Accretion and Black Hole Event Horizons
The defining characteristic of a black hole is that it possesses an event
horizon through which matter and energy can fall in but from which nothing
escapes. Soft X-ray transients (SXTs), a class of X-ray binaries, appear to
confirm this fundamental property of black holes. SXTs that are thought to
contain accreting black holes display a large variation of luminosity between
their bright and faint states, while SXTs with accreting neutron stars have a
smaller variation. This difference is predicted if the former stars have
horizons and the latter have normal surfaces.Comment: 11 pages, including 2 tables and 2 figures. To appear in The
Astrophysical Journal Letter
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